Morris statement about reserves was immediately met with resistance by Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker), a local leader who became a great chief in the 1880s. The federal government was not interested in negotiating a treaty at this time, believing that it was not essential, even though local missionaries and government agents tried to convince them otherwise. [3] Sweet Grass and Big Bear had formed a war party for this exact purpose as stated previously. Christie, the officer in charge of the Hudsons Bay Company for the Saskatchewan District. It is the unique collective right to use of, and jurisdiction over, ancestral territory and is separate from the rights of non-Aboriginal Canadian citizens under common law. [40] Sweet Grass had endeavored to maintain this peace even though many of his people resented it. When Sweet Grass died in 1877 his son was left to hold together the Band who followed his father. [22] Days of fighting ensued however, both chiefs managed to survive.[23]. Siksika (Blackfoot) is the language of Siksika Nation. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. On the Sweetgrass reserve, the mortality rates would grow after 1885 to 185 per every 1000 people on the reserve. They created an iron alliance that enabled them to expand across the northern plains. Young men would attach themselves to a hunter or warrior that they admired and followed or shadowed them in performing tasks. Jill St. Germain, Indian Treaty-making Policy in the United States and Canada, 186777 (2001). We heard our lands were sold and we did not like it; we don't want to sell our lands; it is our property, and no one has the right to sell them. Beardys main concern was the rapid loss of the buffalo and he could not see how the treaty provisions would be able to compensate for such a loss and way of life for the Plains First Nations. Currently the band controls 20,354.6 ha of land, the largest block of which is located 26 km west of North Battleford. Land title refers to specific rights to a territory. Limits on the Treaty Power Harvard Law Review. per family of five. Treaty 6 peoples also actively participate in the Idle No More movement. This took much time but the Chiefs appeared to be satisfied with what the government was offering. [21], Sweet Grass often worked closely with the fellow Cree chief Big Bear. Sadly, in the face of starvation and the inevitable settlement of their lands, Little Pine eventually signed an adhesion to Treaty 6 on July 2, 1879. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883: but he was deposed in 1884 and Young Sweet Grass became chief. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. He was sentenced to three years at Stony Mountain Penitentiary in Manitoba and converted to Christianity during imprisonment. Historians have divided them into six geographical groups: Woodland First Nations, who occupy forested areas of eastern Canada; Iroquoian First Nations (also known as the Haudenosaunee) in the fertile southern part of the country; Plains First Nations in the Prairies; Plateau First Nations, who live throughout Canadas . If you need assistance, please contact us directly. 3 What happened when Chief Sweetgrass signed Treaty 6? [17], The position of chief within the Cree varied from tribe to tribe and each had varying levels of authority over the band. Amendments to the Indian Act in 1985 re-established Indian status to over 750 members of the band. At that time, they as well were facing low fur prices, and poor hunting and fishing. [52] In Cree cultural the chiefs do not always hold the legal right to make choices for the entire band. This has led to conflict over the clauses of the agreement. Treaty 6, between the Queen and bands of Cree and Stoney First Nations, was negotiated and signed at Fort Carlton and Duck Lake in August, and at Fort Pitt in September, 1876. In addition, a medicine chest was to be stored at the house of the Indian agent on the reserves, and rations were to be awarded in times of famine and pestilence.. Chief Vernon Watchmaker On August 22, 1921, Chief Monfwi, representing all Tlicho, signed Treaty 11 with Canada. In the end, Chief Beardy agreed with the terms of the Treaty and signed it. Recognize Edmonton sits within Treaty No. However, Big Bear was forced by starvation to adhere to Treaty 6 in 1882 and settled into the Frog Lake area. Mistawasis asked Pitikwahanapiwiyin, Have you anything better to offer our people? Pitikwahanapiwiyin did not respond to that question directly, but held firm in his beliefs that the treaty terms were unfair and inadequate. This is our land, not a piece of pemmican to be cut off and given in little pieces. Big Bear stands tall in the memory of the Cree Nation as a proud and truly visionary leader who fought against the forces of Canadian colonialism and ultimately suffered for his Nation. They believed that the land was sacred. Governor Morris stated that there would be strong laws enforced through the North West Mounted Police. Are catch-up contributions subject to ADP testing. [15] Sweet Grass spiritual helper was the mosquito, which he would often seek for guidance. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The First Nations were a proud and strong people but were facing an uncertain future. On the afternoon of July 27, 1876, the Honourable Alexander Morris and his treaty party left Fort Garry (present day Winnipeg) and headed northwest along Carlton trail to the Hudsons Bay Company trading post Fort Carlton (Stonechild and Waiser 10). Cree Tribes would move according to their migration habits. "Biography WIKASKOKISEYIN, ABRAHAM Volume X (1871-1880) Dictionary of Canadian Biography", "History from a Different Angle: Narrative Strategies in The Temptations of Big Bear", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Grass_(Cree_chief)&oldid=1091635942, This page was last edited on 5 June 2022, at 12:56. [3] Sweet Grass was ten years older, so Big Bear recognized him as the superior chief. Sweet Grass through both policy and action would have a lasting impact on the Plains Cree. Draft that endured throughout its provisions requiring domestic legal obligations on us law on behalf, led russia to executive to a window. First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. It covered 117 articles, including the establishment of a code of law and form of government between the five nations. [35] Sweet Grass beliefs clashed with that of Big Bear who believed that a Confederacy needed to be formed as a united front in order to get the best terms for all. Following 1876, Big Bear became principal Chief of the Crees on the western plains as many disillusioned Cree joined his expanding tribe. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. An example of this would be when Sweet Grass and Big Bear assembled 18 Cree warriors that attempted to raid Blackfoot hunting territory. What was the Indigenous perspective of treaty 6. agreement between sovereign nations. , Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at, , Saskatchewan. The Sweetgrass First Nation is a Cree First Nation in Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada. The talks then adjourned, and the Indigenous leaders spoke in council for the next two days. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. 6 territory. At this point, Young Sweet Grass would lead a fragment of the band to join with other Cree, who had signed Treaty 6. Morris addressed the crowd reassuring them that the Queen would look after them and the next two days were spent considering the words of Morris speaking on behalf of the Crown. In the face of survival, the Cree started to assemble and meet with one another to discuss their approach to the government. The legacy of Treaty 6 continues to affect the Cree till the modern day. The treaty negotiations took days to complete at Fort Carlton. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. From here the group made income from farming and lumber sale, supplemented with traditional methods as much as possible. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In Cree culture, verbal agreements hold the same amount weight as any other agreements. The Treaty was passed on orally and was not recorded until 1880 (Roberts 90). Chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: Great Father, I shake hands with you, and bid you welcome. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. On 31 March 1958, the Department of Indian Affairs enfranchised the entire Michel Callihoo band, meaning that they lost their legal rights as status Indians in exchange for other rights, such as voting (see Indian; Indigenous Suffrage). The Chiefs hired Peter Erasmus, a Mtis, to interpret for them during the proceedings and his role became integral to both sides. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. Other Nations held them in fear(Stonechild and Waiser 5). Both of these issues became an extremely important topic discussed in treaty negotiations which Sweet Grass was heavily involved in. "The Blackfoot and the Cree were fighting to gain control of the Cypress Hills boundaries and in the fall of 1870 there was a battle between them called the Battle of Belly River. Big Bear and Little Pine led the Crees and attacked a Blood First Nations camp. Treaty 6 was signed by the commissioners and the head chiefs of the Carlton bands on 23 August 1876. They continued to deliberate for the next two days. It is ours and we will take what we want. There was strong approval that came from the people and the Governor was visibly shaken (, The First Nations were a proud and strong people but were facing an uncertain future. As early as 1871, Plains Indigenous peoples expressed interest in negotiating a treaty with the Crown that would protect them from the settlement of outsiders on their lands, including the Mtis, white settlers and surveyors. On 9 September, Weekaskookwasayin addressed the people, arguing that the treaty terms would help preserve and protect their livelihood. Treaty 6 Territory and the Homeland of the Mtis. [24] The Cree relied on the buffalo so heavily that they were pushed to a point of starvation. Included would be a medicine chest kept at the Indian Agents homes for the use of the First Nations but at the discretion of the Indian Agent. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. A representative from Chief Beardys group suggested they rent the land while others suggested they refuse the Treaty altogether. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. British Columbia joined confederation in 1871 and was promised a railway to connect them to eastern Canada. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The rest of the Cree assembled there three days later. Under the leadership of Young Sweet Grass, the band began to fall apart due to internal conflict. We never shed any white mans blood, and we have always been friendly with the whites, and want workmen, carpenters and farmers to assist us when we settle. Mtis observer and translator, Peter Erasmus noted that Morris was shaken by the incident. I want all my brother Sweetgrass asks. At the beginning of 1870, buffalo were plentiful within the plains. It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. With encroaching settlers and other indigenous groups, the dwindling of traditional hunting,[45] and disease rampant,[46] Sweet Grass and his band of Cree were desperate for support. It was due to both Lacombe's understanding of Cree culture and the growing desperation of the Cree, he would be able to convert many of the Cree to the Roman Catholic faith. (Dodson 14). First Nations were alarmed at the various newcomers coming onto their lands and conducting geological surveys for telegraph lines, the railway, and lands for settlement (, Honourable Alexander Morris, Lieutenent -Governor of Manitoba, North-West, On the afternoon of July 27, 1876, the Honourable Alexander Morris and his treaty party left Fort Garry (present day Winnipeg) and headed northwest along Carlton trail to the Hudsons Bay Company trading post Fort Carlton (, Many Chiefs anticipated the arrival of the Queens treaty commissioners. Dempsey argues that if Mistahimaskwa had been present at the negotiations, the treaty commissioners would have likely had a more difficult time acquiring Indigenous approval of Treaty 6. (Christensen 234), Once everyone was assembled at the Council tent, the pipe stem ceremony began with all the Chiefs, headmen, singers, and drummers. In Canada, Aboriginal title describes the rights of Indigenous peoples to land based on long-standing land use and occupancy. The Dominion of Canada bought Ruperts Land for the sum of 300,000 pounds from the Hudsons Bay Company on March 8, 1869 and at the same time the Crown transferred North West territories to Canada. Website Development Studio. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwa leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. He suggested to Morris that the government needed to preserve what buffalo herds were left, so that they could all share equally. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT3EjLPW2uw. Chief Beardy then refused to be part of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and Morris understood this would be a problem to the Treaty process for the Willow Cree(Stonechild and Waiser 11). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Chief Mistawasis and Chief Ahtahkakoop represented the Carlton Cree. Mistahimaskwa was not the only chief who initially refused to sign the treaty. [3] Upon reporting his sighting back to the others, they decide to kill the man and steal his horses. Morris said little to ease the concerns of Beardy and promised that they too would receive the same as the other bands including agricultural assistance for a new way of life. The reserve was established as part of Treaty 6 when Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. In 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with Chief Factor W.J. (Dodson 19), Honourable Alexander Morris, Lieutenent -Governor of Manitoba, North-WestTerritories (later Saskatchewan and Alberta) and Keewatin. Before negotiations began, the Cree performed a sacred pipe ceremony, in which the commissioners participated. Released early due to a health breakdown, Big Bear sought sanctuary amongst the remnants of his tribe of the Poundmakers and Little Pine Reserve. The peak of the conflict came in 1861 when the Blackfoot had threatened to kill any Cree, Metis, or white man whom they stumbled upon. They were also concerned about starvation due to the diminishing supply of bison and other large game on which their economy depended. [56] The tactic of withholding food from reserves will be used by the Canadian government to force cooperation. [10], The Cree were located in the plains of Canada. The University of Saskatchewan's main campus is situated onTreaty 6 Territory and the Homeland of the Mtis. Sweet Grass converted to Christianity in 1870, [25] being baptized into Catholicism with the name Abraham. With guns and horses acquired through trade they had driven the Blackfoot and Gros Ventres to the west and south, occupying the rich buffalo-hunting lands of the prairie parkland. There typically was a large number of warriors within a band and these men held extremely high prestige. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. Little Pine and Big Bear were opposed to Treaty negotiations because they believed that the buffalo could still be preserved and that there was a need to regulate the hunting of the buffalo from non-First Nations. Please note that this form is not intended to provide customer service. Sweet Grass (also Sweetgrass or Wikaskokiseyin or Wihaskokiseyin) (c.1815 on or shortly before January 11, 1877) was a chief of the Cree in the 1860s and 1870s in western Canada. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. [24] In 1870, there were hundreds of thousands, which provided an immense amount of resources for the Cree to a point where they were able to only take the choice parts of the Buffalo. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). George McDougall and North West Mounted Police (NWMP) Inspector Crozier brought presents to give to the Cree, but Big Bear refused them, telling them they did not want presents until the treaties were finalized. Wandering Spirit stayed in power for the duration of the uprising while Big Bear counselled for peace and protecting the white prisoners. His goal was to spread the Roman Catholic faith to the Western parts of Canada. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on . A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay and wood, and maintained gardens and livestock. In the years of 1872 to 1875 there was pressure on the Canadian government from the First Nations in the prairies to address treaties. Indigenous people were forced to choose between living on reserves, receiving a fixed amount of money every year for the rest of their lives and trying to assimilate and lose their status. What were the main terms of Treaty 6? The group would then move to capture Fort Pit. 1876 - 1883: Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strike him on the back), 1920 - 1924: Harry Atcheynum (Son of Strike him on the back), 1925 - 1964: Sam Swimmer (Son of Yellow Mud) Last hereditary Chief, For a summary for our History in brief, find it on the Battleford's Agency Tribal Chief's Website at www.batc.ca/sweetgrass/, P.O. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? The Cree made it clear that they would not tolerate any trespassers on their lands. [30] Another was that the government should stop supplying weapons to the Blackfeet who were his tribe's enemy. Federal trial and appellate courts . What was the European perspective of treaty 6. [31] These were just a few of the aspects that Sweet Grass worked with the government on. During one hunt Sweetgrass's horse was unable to remain calm, which was affecting the hunting of buffalo. + - This map is a work in progress. Both organizations concluded that the Indigenous signatories believed that they were agreeing to share the land and its resources, rather than to completely surrender it to the federal government. Throughout the 19th century, it appeared as though the federal government of Canada, situated in Ottawa, worked very hard to increase the dependency that aboriginal people had on it. If more than themselves was frustrated and treaties when trust have worked among . These issues, coupled with the opinion of lieutenant governor of Manitoba and the North-West Territories, Alexander Morris that treaties were effective ways to gain access to, and develop, lands in the West the government finally agreed to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Cree and neighbouring Indigenous peoples. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwe leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. The treaty also provided twine and ammunition at a value of $1,500 per year, and agricultural implements, such as gardening tools, livestock, horses and wagons. Morris did not understand that Chief Beardy and the Willow Cree declined to negotiate Treaty because it did not follow Beardy's vision, not because of the treaty itself. 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